Fighting Against Casualisation in Education will be a conference on 7 February 2015, organised by activists involved in struggles around the country. We aim to bring casualised academic workers together, to discuss and organise for our fight for better labour conditions.
Casualisation in education is a scandal. In HE, 33% of the labour force is on one sort of non-permanent contract or another. Only 51% are on permanent contracts that include both teaching and research. This state of affairs damages the education of our students and puts staff into a situation of poverty and insecurity without basic employment rights. It also harms the opportunities of casualised staff to progress in their careers in line with their counterparts on the national contract. Many of us do—and are expected to—perform a myriad of tasks outside of our contractual obligations, and many are afraid to complain. It is exploitative and we refuse to put up with it.
The FACE conference will take place at SOAS in London on Saturday 7 February 2015, and will include discussions and workshops, as well as speakers from a number of local campaigns around the country.
The following message has been sent by the minority on the UCU Higher Education Committee who believe the proposed USS deal is completely unacceptable.
No justification for cuts
Offer only slightly better than Employers’ offer in October
Fight to win!
We write as representatives of the Left on the Higher Education Committee who are utterly opposed to any retreat from defending members’ pensions. We have carried out a careful critical analysis of the different positions and we can only conclude that members must reject the offer.
We believe that UCU is consulting members over accepting a retreat of historic proportions that will mean all our members pay more, those in Final Salary (three quarters of active USS membership) will have their pension cut, and a great number of staff will be placed in the position where they cannot afford to retire.
The proposal is as follows. Everyone is to be put on a single Career Re-evaluated Benefits (CRB) scheme. Current Final Salary members in mid-career are likely to lose over 10% in the value of their pension – but pay 0.5% more. New staff who would be entered into the current (appalling) CRB Scheme introduced in 2011, will see their pension increase by 6%, but at the cost of paying an extra 1.5% of their salary into the scheme over their working life.
But the proposal is not even a pure CRB scheme. Any salary over £55,000 is put in an investment fund called a Defined Contribution (DC) scheme, and so staff who eventually retire as a professor can expect a bigger pension cut. The Employers plan to pay one third less – 12% rather than 18% – into this fund than for their normal contributions.
In simple terms, the proposal we are asked to endorse:
transfers all Final Salary members onto the current CRB scheme (with their past contributions revalued by CPI, not RPI),
increases employee contributions to improve the accrual rate, and
subdivides the scheme by introducing the Defined Contribution section.
If we reject this we are told there is a risk that the UUK proposal will be imposed. That proposal does as above, but leaves out (2), and has a lower DC threshold – £50,000 rather than £55,000.
Instead of facing up to the scale of attacks and campaigning openly against them, the national UCU leadership has left members in the dark, and now propose a snap 10-day e- ballot consultation, in the absence of a visible campaign.
We can still win. Where members have campaigned against the deficit and the need for cuts, they have won a huge consensus amongst staff. The employers are divided. Several university Senior Managements, including Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, Warwick and LSE have called for lesser changes than are currently proposed. The Employers could pay more, or agree to join UCU in openly challenging the valuation.
No justification for USS cuts The projected “deficit” is the result of a discredited mathematical model. Last term, a series of devastating critiques were published by independent academics, university management- led pension committees and UCU’s own actuaries, First Actuarial, all challenging the method used by USS’s actuaries to value the scheme, and thus to decide on the size of any necessary cuts. Indeed, some alternative calculations found that USS had a projected surplus!
But instead of building on these critiques, and rejecting the premise of the negotiations as false, the majority of the Higher Education Committee (and their negotiators) focused exclusively on negotiations with the employer, and behaved as if the deficit was real.
At the last special HEC meeting in November, the majority of our leadership voted to suspend the marking and assessment boycott to ‘facilitate negotiations’ with Universities UK, within the terms of this projected deficit. We warned then, in an open letter published in the Times Higher, that this would lead to disaster.1 We argued that the only way to avoid this would be to inject democracy into the union by branches calling a Higher Education Sector Conference (HESC) to review the campaign and hold the leadership to account. The need to call a HESC is greater than ever (see below).
But now we must campaign to throw out a disastrous proposal that accepts the terms of the deficit. The argument at the HEC was that this proposal was the best achievable by negotiations, and that the USS Trustees may vote for the (even worse) UUK proposal if members do not vote Yes. Members are being balloted with a gun to our heads.
Over the last few months, members have been kept in the dark. At most, we received cryptic emails from Sally Hunt. Now we are told that negotiations have borne fruit, with an offer on which we are to be consulted. Yet the new offer is a pensions cut for everyone on Final Salary – three quarters of USS membership!
At the HEC meeting the majority of the UCU leadership – some of whom have already taken their pension – voted to ‘consult’ members rather than lead them against the cuts. Members already voted to throw out a similar offer six months ago. Now they are being asked to vote on a similar deal. The majority of the existing leadership has offered no strategy to fight this proposal, or even a recommendation to reject it. Our leaders have abdicated their responsibility.
The only way of turning this situation around is to throw out the offer, and to build for hard-hitting industrial action. We need to mobilise all our members in a combination of well-timed escalating national strike action, and a marking boycott. We urgently need to organise to resist this cut. We cannot afford to be timid.
“Offer” worse than UCU’s counter-proposal Members voted for industrial action in October, with a record-breaking 86.7% for ASOS and 77.8% for strike action, to oppose USS cutting our pensions by “up to 27%”.
After two weeks, ASOS was suspended for negotiations. Five months later, the new proposal appears on paper to be better than UUK’s original proposal – but members will pay for it by increasing contributions.
In return for increasing contributions from 7.5% to 8% of salary, using UCU’s figures, a 40-year old mid-career staff member in the final salary scheme will still lose 11% of her annual pension, rising to 20% for staff who become professors before retirement.
The picture for staff who join USS now is more complicated. They will have to pay 1.5% more. To take the UCU example of a 25-year old retiring at 68, she would get an increase in 6% for her eventual pension. Even then, those who retire as professors will be in the Defined Contribution scheme, and would probably find their ultimate pension reduced compared to the current CRB scheme! But over her career, the staff member will have paid around an extra 64.5% of her average annual salary into the scheme.These ‘tradeoffs’ disguise one simple point. The negotiations are constrained by the cost- envelope of the deficit. During the negotiations, the Employers did not increase their payments over the 18% they had already agreed. The apparent improvements over the UUK offer are due to increased employee contributions. The one tangible improvement is the shifting of the Defined Contribution threshold cap – but this will be at the price of the union conceding the Defined Contribution principle, with a lower employer contribution.
UCU is paying the price for prioritising negotiations over campaigning, and of conceding the principle of Final Salary in their counter-proposal. This is not just an issue for HE members. The ditching of Final Salary in USS will make it harder for UCU in FE and post- 92 to unite with the NUT to resist the Government’s plan to close the Final Salary part of the Teachers Pension Scheme.
Members of USS in post-92 institutions are not even being given a vote, although the outcome of our dispute will affect their pension.
Not only does the proposed offer end Final Salary, it also concedes the principle that a pension should be a Defined Benefit scheme – i.e. a scheme where members can work out their pension. The proposal states that all salary earned above a £55,000 ‘cap’ will be paid into a second, Defined Contribution scheme, i.e. a fund where pension benefits are more like a stock-market-invested savings fund. These schemes have been disastrous for workers in the private sector, with pensioners finding out on retirement that their pension is worth far less than they thought.
Although the Employers are not proposing a full Defined Contribution scheme but a hybrid one, it will be easy for USS to be devalued further in the future by lowering the cap (or by not uprating it by RPI). Since they cut their contribution in the DC scheme, their incentive is obvious. At present, about 25% of existing USS members will contribute to this scheme – not just a few ‘high earners’. If we concede this now, it opens the prospect of a wholesale shift to a purely DC scheme in the medium term. This has already happened across the private sector.
These schemes minimise risks to USS and to the employers, who currently have to pick up costs when one of their number goes bankrupt and cannot pay exit costs. Stock market losses are borne by members.2
UCU – the leadership exposed How did we get in such a mess? How did our negotiators get sucked into a negotiation where the only outcome would be a pension cut? Why have members been denied any opportunity to challenge the premise of the deficit?
2
UCU has constructed a modeller to help members try to work out the value of their pension (2015 prices). Whereas other calculations are based on a formula, this modeller has to guess the Defined Contribution element, and this affects all projections for staff retiring on £55,000 or more.
The ‘common sense’ strategy of the UCU majority has always been to see negotiations with Employers as the main goal of industrial action. The Left sees victory over Employers as the goal (and negotiations to conclude the terms of that victory).
In a period when the employers are not on the offensive, this ‘common sense’ strategy may appear credible. But when faced with a massive attack on our pay, jobs or pension benefits, it is woefully inadequate, and guaranteed to fail in advance. This ‘strategy’ is exposed as little more than begging the Employers to go easy on members.
This focus on negotiations at all costs means that the UCU leadership has not organised to prepare members to take the industrial action – the alternative to a sell-out. We have to turn this around.
What all members need to do
Campaign against the sell-out – hold meetings in schools and departments, and organise branch meetings urgently. Branches and branch executives can and should recommend rejection, even if the HEC does not. Most of all, members want to know that, if they vote to reject the proposal, everyone in the union, from the leadership to their colleagues, are ready to take the necessary industrial action to win the dispute. We have to organise.
Demand a Higher Education Sector Conference – pass the motion for a Special HESC at a quorate branch meeting in the next three or four weeks. UCU ‘consultation’ meetings with branch representatives have no power to demand our leadership acts in line with branch votes and union policy. Whatever happens in the consultation, UCU is our union, and we need to come together to democratically debate and hold our leadership to account. More than 20 branches have passed the motion calling for an HESC but this number has been challenged. HEC members have not even been told which branches’ submissions have been accepted. Recognising the groundswell from members, the HEC could simply call it themselves but again they have chosen not to. So we need to keep the resolutions coming in.
Vote for a stronger UCU leadership – vote for Left candidates in the coming election. We need a stronger UCU, more reps and activists. But this dispute has exposed the difference between the Left and the majority at the top – and the gap between this HEC majority and the membership. This dispute is not going to be the last. We need a union leadership that organises to win.
Marion Hersh, NEC member and USS national negotiator, University of Glasgow Sean Wallis, NEC member, University College London Ioanna Ioannou, NEC member, University College London Prof Andreas Bieler, NEC member, University of Nottingham Lesley McGorrigan, NEC member, University of Leeds Karen Evans, NEC member, University of Liverpool Lesley Kane, NEC member, Open University Saira Weiner, NEC member, Liverpool John Moores University (post-92) Sue Abbott, NEC member, Northumbria University (post-92)
A short version of this statement will be submitted to the Times Higher. To add your name, please email s.wallis@ucl.ac.uk.
Model Motion to recommend rejection of the offer This UCU branch believes that the current ‘potential agreement’ offer represents a major cut in pensions. The offer accepts the parameters of the huge projected deficit, and cuts pensions to fill this gap. As well as ending Final Salary, it concedes the principle of a Defined Contribution element for contributions over £55,000 for which the Employer pays 12% instead of 18%, that provides members with no certainty about the value of their pension, and paves the way for future concessions.
This UCU branch therefore calls on all members to vote to reject the offer, and to demand HEC officers call hard-hitting industrial action to win the dispute.
Model Motion to call for a HESC This UCU branch supports the call for the requisition of a Special HE Sector Conference under rule 16.10 to debate the campaigns to defend pensions in HE, and to defend the capacity of the UCU to call industrial action short of a strike as part of those campaigns.
Procedural notes: 1. Motions must be approved by a quorate branch meeting. (Please include in your
submission the number attending the branch meeting, and what the branch quorum is.) 2. The motion must be passed through twenty branches from separate institutions.
(Institutions with more than one branch count as one for this purpose.)
Motions should be sent to Sally Hunt (shunt@ucu.org.uk), General Secretary, with a copy to Michael MacNeil (mmacneil@ucu.org.uk), National Head of Bargaining and Negotiations, Joanna De Groot (jdegroot@ucu.org.uk), Vice President, and Elizabeth Lawrence (president@ucu.org.uk), President.
As you will know UCU’s higher education committee (HEC) met today. HEC has decided to seek members’ views on new proposals aimed at resolving the current dispute. The proposals do provide some improvement in accrual rates and an increase in the earnings cap but also include proposed increases in members’ contributions. The action which was due to resume on Friday 16 January is suspended while the union consults members. The union is now making urgent arrangements with the Electoral Reform Society to conduct an online ballot of members regarding acceptance or rejection of the proposals as soon as practically possible. We will send more information on the ballot timetable and arrangements as well as more detail on the proposals tomorrow morning.
More than half of university staff say recent policy changes have caused an increase in bullying – and that institutions aren’t doing enough to tackle the issue
81% of Russell Group university members said REF has had a negative impact on bullying.
The fevered build up to this month’s university research audit has exposed academics to an atmosphere of competitiveness and bullying, according to a survey by the Guardian’s higher education network.
More than half of UK university staff questioned by the network said recent policy changes such as the introduction of the research excellence framework – a new process for measuring the quality of academic research – had fuelled campus bullying.
The survey questioned over 1,300 university staff who have experienced bullying at work, half of which are based at UK institutions. The research did not attempt to measure the scale of bullying, but asked respondents about its causes and how well universities deal with such behaviour.
It found that, around the world, 70% of university staff did not feel their institution takes bullying seriously. This was the case for 72% of university staff based in the UK.
But while UK and non-UK staff were equally dissatisfied with their universities’ responses, the type of bullying varied by country. In the UK, 58% were bullied by their line manager, with many respondents pointing to a managerialist culture – outside of the UK, staff were more likely to be bullied by a colleague.
In the survey, one female respondent commented that management structures have created a “pervasive culture of fear” among university staff. Working in a post-1992 university, she added: “Constant restructuring, constant changes in policy and procedures, and the constant increase in demands have created a state of acute anxiety and utter demoralisation for all staff at every level. I have never known the situation to be this bad.”
In the UK, almost one in 10 people who had experienced bullying had endured violent or aggressive behaviour, while 26% were set uncontracted tasks. A third had experienced threats or comments about job security without foundation.
Some 27% said they were bullied online, where many were exposed to insults and persistent gossip, and 6% even reported having their personal pictures distorted.
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Martin Hall, vice-chancellor of the University of Salford says the findings should not be ignored. “The combination of increased demands, diminished resources and a growing tendency to forget that the primary purpose of education is to develop people’s capabilities is damaging the institutional culture of universities in many parts of the world.”
He adds: “Universities should be led by ethical values, and values should shape behaviour at all levels of leadership and management. Bullying is a symptom of the breakdown of values and a shared sense of purpose.”
Many resondents said that bullying has significantly impacted on their health and wellbeing. In the UK, 86% reported experiencing stress, anxiety or panic attacks, 23% reported raised blood pressure, and 28% said they had increased their consumption of alcohol or tobacco.
Some 41% of UK staff said they had received either counselling or medical treatment as a result of bullying, while 18% had been signed off sick.
Although universities have been encouraged to sign up to sector-wide agreements to support and create a positive environment for researchers, these are ultimately voluntary and there are concerns that universities are not doing enough to protect their staff in a “publish or perish” research culture.
An equalities and diversity consultant who worked at a leading Russell Group university for 10 years, says the level of harassment and bullying she witnessed became increasingly noticeable.
She says members of staff who came to speak to her about being bullied felt too scared to report it and believed that HR were there to just support management.
“Harassment, bullying and discrimination is embedded in the fabric of everyday practices and I have not seen any compelling evidence that universities are making any real effort to do anything differently,” she added. “The impact of bullying can be catastrophic – the wider society are also the losers.”
Overall, the majority of people did not report bullying. University staff were most likely to seek support from family and/or friends. Only a quarter (26%) of UK staff sought support from their university counselling service.
“The issue of bullying has reached unacceptable proportions in higher education,” says Gus John, fellow of the London centre for leadership in learning at the Institute of Education.
“Often the complaints procedures in such institutions are ineffective,” says John, “largely because HR departments see it as their business to defend the indefensible, ie the conduct of managers, rather than demonstrating that the institution has an equal duty of care towards victims of such oppressive conduct.”
Kim Frost, chair of universities HR association, says no-one should suffer in silence and there are many forms of support that universities provide, from employee helplines to clear policies on unacceptable behaviour.
Frost says: “Just about all universities take bullying very seriously and have policies on dignity at work or bullying which they are experienced in using.
“Bullying is a very emotive term, and what one person experiences as bullying will often be simple performance management from their manager’s point of view. Sometimes the person who feels bullied can feel the university isn’t supporting them enough because of that need to be even-handed during any investigation.”
Survey findings suggest that bullying is having a lasting effect on higher education. Overall, as a result of being bullied, 87% of researchers said they lost confidence in their academic work and 20% of researchers left their job. In the UK, 13% left academia.
Sally Hunt, general secretary of the University and College Union, says these findings are a “shocking reflection on the sector” and reveal not much has changed since 2012, when the UCU ran a survey on stress and bullying.
“Universities need to adopt a zero tolerance approach to bullying and harassment, ensuring that they have appropriate procedures in place to deal with it when it does occur and support those who have been bullied.”
With the UK government distributing £1.6bn of public money in research funding, it’s inevitable that there will be some form of mechanism for assessing the quality of research in UK universities. But since the REF replaced its predecessor, the RAE, in 2008, it has received heavy criticism and been called “not fit for purpose”.
Of those who said recent policy changes had a negative impact on bullying, 81% in Russell Group universities cited the REF.
“Only excellence in research is appreciated and no diminution in output or quality can be tolerated or excused by the increased teaching and pastoral demands on our time,” comments one female academic in the survey who works at a Russell Group university.
Another Russell Group academic aged between 45-54 wrote: “The matching of REF performance with income has completely destroyed the idea that academic research is of intrinsic value. It gives highly successful researchers the licence to behave badly with impunity because no university wants to lose the associated income.”
He added: “Equally, researchers who manage to get some of the reduced grant funds available are treated as untouchable when they misbehave. This failing system is self-propagating and harms large numbers of people.”
Nicola Dandridge, chief executive of Universities UK, said: “Given the REF is a new system and one which has a significant impact on researchers, it is important that it is evaluated and the sector is given an opportunity to feed back on the process as it develops.”
